Terrestrial Environment
Qatar is a peninsula country, an off-shoot from the Eastern Arabian Peninsula. It covers an area of 11,581 km2, with 563 km of coastline, a 60-km land border to Saudi Arabia and sea borders in the Arabian Gulf with Bahrain, Iran, and UAE.
Climatically, Qatar is a hot, hyper-arid desert indicated by its Aridity Index of 0.03. This score out of a maximum of 1, is suggestive of low rainfall (average annual 76.3 mm) and high evaporation rates (average 6 mm per day), in addition to high temperatures which can reach to more than 50 °C in summertime. Al Shamal sand storms contribute to the high evaporation rates as well. Another extreme that characterizes this desert country, is the high Global Horizontal Irradiance that can reach a yearly total of 2,020 KW/m2, compared to 1,000 KW/m2 of northern Denmark for example. Average rainfall and GHI create a dichotomy between North and South, being higher in the north, while the rocky hill range along the Qatar anticline splits the country into East and West.
Qatar, as all the Arabian deserts, is a shield-carbonate platform type, where ancient mountains or hills are surrounded by sloping erosional plains and aeolian (windblown) sands. The underlying geology, is a very significant determinant of landforms or ecosystems that develop on the surface and paint the landscapes with a pallet of black and brown tones, white, green, yellow and even pink and purple. In turn, each ecosystem supports an often-distinct community of organisms, both migratory and resident, whose shared feature is a set of behavioral and physiological adaptations to the drastic daily fluctuations of desert extremes. In general, life follows the rain, giving the desert a starkly different appearance with the blooming greenery and buzzing activity of newborns in the winter, contrasted with the cracked earth browns and limited diurnal activity of summers.
On an east-to-west transect, usually, sand dunes boarder the coast, followed by sequences of raised rocky desert alternating with low-lying widyan, rawdat and sinkholes, ending in rocky hills which border with the coast to the west. Of course, ecosystem boundaries are not squarely delineated, and different arrangements may be observed depending on location.
© Chatziefthimiou AD. 2019. Terrestrial Environment. Qatar e-Nature.
Sources:
Batanouny KH, 1981
Whitford W, 2001
Edgell HS, 2006
Norton J et al, 2008
Leblanc J, 2013
Ostrich, North African Red-necked
Struthio camelus camelus
Warbler, Paddyfield
Acrocephalus agricola
Finch, Desert
Rodospiza obsoleta
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
Warbler, Yellow-browed
Phylloscopus inornatus
Stork, Yellow-billed
Mycteria ibis
Wheatear, Desert
Oenanthe deserti
Wheatear, White-crowned
Oenanthe leucopyga
Bluethroat
Luscinia svecica
Sparrow, Yellow-throated
Gymnoris xanthocollis
Tit, Eurasian Penduline
Remiz pendulinus
Dove, European Turtle
Streptopelia turtur
Roller, European
Coracias garrulus
Egret, Western Great
Egrets and Heronsta alba
Owl, Little
Athene noctua
Pipit, Richard’s
Anthus (novaeseelandiae) richardi
Whinchat
Saxicola rubetra
Martin, Pale Crag
Ptyonoprogne (fuligula) obsolete
Hoopoe, Eurasian
Upupa epops
Owl, Pharoah Eagle
Bubo ascalaphus
Sparrowhawk, Eurasian
Accipiter nisus
Wryneck, Eurasian
Jynx torquilla
Crane, Common
Grus grus
Egret, Western Cattle
Bubulacus ibis
Hobby, Eurasian
Falco subbuteo
Ibis, Glossy
Plegadis falcinellus
Buzzard, Long-legged
Buteo rufinus
Martin, Eurasian Crag
Ptyonoprogne rupestris
Shrike, Daurian
Lanius isabellinus
Shrike, Red-backed
Lanius collurio
Siskin, Eurasian
Carduelis spinus
Blackbird, Eurasian
Turdus merula
Chiffchaff, Common
Phylloscopus collybita
Kestrel, Common
Falco tinnunculus
Shrike, Bay-backed
Lanius vittatus
Wheatear, Hume’s
Oenanthe albonigra
Thrush, Black-throated
Turdus atrogularis
Warbler, Menetries’s
Sylvia mytacea
Warbler, Plain Leaf
Phylloscopus neglectus
Owl, Pallid Scops
Otus brucei
Pipit, Tawny
Anthus campestris
Roller, Indian
Coracias benghalensis
Pipit, Meadow
Anthus pratensis
Pipit, Water
Anthus spinoletta
Wheatear, Red-tailed
Oenanthe chrysopygia
Bunting, Rustic
Emberiza rustica
Dove, Eurasian Collared
Streptopelia decaocto
Blackcap, Eurasian
Sylvia atricapilla
Bunting, Cretzschmar’s
Emberiza caesia
Rosefinch, Common
Carpodacus erythrinus
Oriole, Eurasian Golden
Oriolus oriolus
Ouzel, Ring
Turdus torquatus
Owl, Long-eared
Asio otus
الذكات
Recurvirostra avosetta
Kite, Black
Milvus migrans
Skylark, Eurasian
Alauda arvensis
Wagtail, Grey
Motacilla cinerea
Reed Warbler, Eurasian Reed
Acrocephalus scripaceus
Starling, Rose-coloured
Pastor roseus
Thrush, Blue Rock
Monticola solitarius
Owl, Barn
Tyto alba
Warbler, Eastern Orphean
Sylvia crassirostris
Wheatear, Variable
Oenanthe picata
Stork, Western White
Ciconia ciconia
Bunting, Eastern Cinereous
Emberiza (cineracea )semenowi
Courser, Cream-coloured
Cursorius cursor
Bunting, Black-headed
Emberiza melanocephala
Eagle, Greater Spotted
Aquila clanga
Bunting, Western Cinereous
Emberiza cineracea
Stonechat, Pied
Saxicola caprata
Wagtail, Yellow
Motacilla flava
Flycatcher, Semi-collared
Ficedula semitorquata
Falcon, Sooty
Falco concolor
Flycatcher, Red-breasted
Ficedula parva
Owl, Eurasian Scops
Otus scops
Snipe, Common
Gallinago gallinago
Falcon, Peregrine
Falco peregrinus
Shrike, Lesser Grey
Lanius minor
Shrike, Masked
Lanius nubicus
Wheatear, Hooded
Oenanthe monacha
Lark, Crested
Galerida cristata
Kite, Black-eared
Milvus (migrans) lineatus
Warbler, Garden
Sylvia barin
Nightingale, Thrush
Luscinia luscinia
Swallow, Barn
Hirundo rustica
Harrier, Montagu’s
Circus pygargus
Lark, Bimaculated
Melanocorypha bimaculata
Stork, Black
Ciconia nigra
Buzzard, European Honey
Pernis apivorus
gull
Anser anser
Warbler, Eastern Olivaceous
Iduna pallida
Pratincole, Collared
Glareola pratincola
Swift, Alpine
Tachymarptis melba
Nightjar, Egyptian
Caprimulgus aegyptius
Swift, Common
Apus apus
Warbler, Hume’s Leaf
Phylloscopus humei
Cuckoo, Common
Cuculus canorus
Stonechat, European
Saxicola rubicola
Swift, Pallid
Apus pallidus
Cuckoo, Pied
Oxylophus jacobinus
Lark, Desert
Ammomanes deserti
Warbler, Icterine
Hippolais icterina
Bunting, Corn
Emberiza calandra
Owl, Short-eared
Asio flammeus
Eagle, Booted
Aquila pennata
Sandgrouse Chestnut-bellied
Pterocles exustus
Falcon, Lanner
Falco biarmicus
Parakeet, Alexandrine
Psittacula eupatria
Robin, European
Erithacus rubecula
Bulbul, White-eared
Pycnonotus leucotis
Wheatear, Kurdistan
Oenanthe xanthoprymna
Bulbul, Red-vented
Pycnonotus cafer
Hoopoe-Lark, Greater
Alaemon alaudipes
Warbler, Common Grasshopper
Locustella naevia
Mynah, Common
Acridotheres tristis
Osprey
Pandion haliaetus
Wheatear, Pied
Oenanthe pleschanka
Silverbill, Indian
Lanchura malabarica
Sparrowhawk, Levant
Accipiter brevipes
Bunting, Striolated
Emberiza striolata
Chaffinch, Common
Fringilla coelebs
Merlin
Falco columbarius
Bustard, Macqueen’s
Chlamydotis macqueenii
Peafowl, Indian (Peacock)
Pavo cristatus
Pratincole, Black-winged
Glareola nordmanni
Weaver, Streaked
Ploceus manyar
Finch, Trumpeter
Bucanetes githagineus
Moorhen, Common
Gallinula chloropus
Rockfinch, Pale
Carpospiza brachydactyla
Wheatear, Isabelline
Oenanthe isabellina
Bee-eater, Blue-cheeked
Merops persicus
Sparrow, Spanish
Passer hispaniolensis
Bee-eater, European
Merops apiaster
Eagle, Eastern Imperial
Aquila heliaca
Crow, House
Corvus splendens
Nightingale, Eastern
Lucinia (megarhynchos) golzii
Snipe, Jack
Lymnocryptes minimus
Thrush, Song
Turdus philomelos
Vulture, Egyptian
Neophron percnopterus
Buzzard, Steppe
Buteo buteo vulpinus
Nightjar, European
Caprimulgus europaeus
Warbler, Asian Desert
Sylvia nana
Warbler, Clamorous Reed
Acrocephalus stentoreus
Prinia, Graceful
Prinia gracilis
Wagtail, Citrine
Motacilla citreola
Pipit, Tree
Anthus trivialis
Warbler, Wood
Phylloscopus sibilatrix
Dove, Rock (including Feral Pigeon)
Columba livia
Falcon, Barbary
Falco (penegrinus) pelegrinoides
Francolin, Grey
Francolinus pondicerianus
Dove, Namaqua
Oena capensis
Ibis, African Sacred
Threskiornis aethiopicus
Nightingale, Common
Luscinia megarhynchos
Dove, Laughing
Spilopelia senegalensis
Parakeet, Rose-ringed
Psittacula krameri
Robin, White-throated
Irania gutturalis
Swallow, Red-rumped
Cecropis daurica
Koel, Asian
Eudynamys scolopaceus
Martin, Sand
Riparia riparia
Harrier, Western Marsh
Circus aeruginosus
Shrike, Woodchat
Lanius senator
Hypocolius
Hypocolius ampelinus
Pipit, Red-throated
Anthus cervinus
Warbler, Barred
Sylvia nisoria
Falcon, Saker
Falco cherrug
Shrike, Steppe Grey
Lanius (meridionalis)pallidirostris
Wheatear, Eastern Mourning
Oenanthe lugens
Whitethroat, Common
Sylvia communis
Sparrow, House
Passer domesticus
Robin, Black Scrub
Cercotrichas podobe
Warbler, Willow
Phylloscopus trochilus
Flycatcher, Spotted
Muscicapa striata
Redstart, Black
Phoenicurus ochruros
Robin, Rufous-tailed Scrub
Cercotrichas galactotes
Martin, Common House
Delichon urbicum
Cuckoo, Great Spotted
Clamator glandarius
Sparrow-Lark, Black-crowned
Eremopterix nigriceps
Wheatear, Finsch’s
Oenanthe finschii
Whitethroat, Lesser
Sylvia curruca
Starling, Common
Sturnus vulgaris
Stonechat, Siberian
Saxicola maurus
Whitethroat, Hume’s
Sylvia althaea
Lark, Greater Short-toed
Calandrella branchdatyla
Thrush, Rufous-tailed Rock
Monticola saxatilis
Wheatear, Northern
Oenanthe oenanthe
Bunting, Ortolan
Emberiza hortulana
Lark, Lesser Short-toed
Callendrella rufescens
Lark, Bar-tailed
Ammomanes cincturus
Warbler, Great Reed
Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Warbler, Sedge
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
Wheatear, Eastern Black-eared
Oenanthe (hispanica) melanoleuca
Kite, Black-winged
Elanus caeruleus
Redstart, Common
Phoenicurus phoenicurus
Warbler, Upcher’s
Hippolais languida
Eagle, Short-toed Snake
Circaetus gallicus
Harrier, Pallid
Circus macrourus
Harrier, Hen
Circus cyaneus
Shrike, Turkestan
Lanius (isabellinus) phoenicuroides
Kestrel, Lesser
Falco naumanni
Quail, Common
Coturnix coturnix
Warbler, Sykes’s
Iduna rama
Eagle, Steppe
Aquila nipalensis
Shrike, Southern Grey
Lanius meridionalis
Wagtail, White
Motacilla alba
Redstart, Eversmann’s
Phoenicurus erythronotus
Thrush, Red-throated
Turdus ruficollis
Warbler, Savi’s
Locustella lusciniodes
Falcon, Amur
Falco amurensis
Warbler, Marsh
Acrocephalus palustris
Whitethroat, Desert
Sylvia minula
Cheesman’s Gerbil
Gerbillus cheesmani
Camel
Camelus dromedarius
Honey Badger, Ratel
Mellivora capensis
House mouse
Mus musculus
Sand Cat
Felis margarita harrisoni
Rüppell’s Sand Fox, Sand Fox
Vulpes rueppellii sabaea
Sundevall’s Jird
Meriones crassus
Naked-bellied Tomb Bat
Taphozous nudiventris
Arabian Oryx, White Oryx
Oryx leucoryx
Hemprich’s Long-eared Bat
Otonycteris hemprichi
Trident Leaf- nosed Bat
Asellia tridens
Red Fox
Vulpes vulpes arabica
Golden Jackal, Asiatic Jackal
Canis aureus
Lesser Jerboa
Jaculus jaculus
Baluchistan Gerbil
Gerbillus nanus
Brown rat
Rattus norvegicus
Black rat
Rattus rattus
Desert Hare, Arabian Hare, Cape Hare
Lepus capensis
Sand Gazelle or Reem
Gazella subgutturosa marica
Wild Cat
Felis silvestris
Ethiopian Hedgehog, Desert Hedgehog
Paraechinus aethiopicus
Aegyptius Bug
Coranus aegyptius
Cicada
Platypleura arabica
Citrus Leafminer
Phyllocnistis citrella
Costae Bug
Hallodapus costae
Crimson-speckled Flunkey
Utetheisa lotrix ssp. Lepida
Cucumber Moth
Diaphania indica
Darkling Beetle
Prionotheca coronata ssp. ovalis
Faustinata Moth
Phaiogramma faustinata
Firebug
Pyrrhocoris apterus
Ground Bug
Spilostethus pandurus
Hansbremeri Beetle
Oxycara (Symphoxycara) hansbremeri
Hawaiian Beet Webworm Moth
Spoladea recurvalis
Kraatzi Beetle
Thriptera kraatzi
Mandli Beetle
Prodilamus mandli
Mealworm Beetle
Tenebrio molitor
Mesaieed Psylla
Calliardia n. sp.
Paraplatyope Beetle
Paraplatyope arabica ssp. arabica
Penthicus Beetle
Penthicus (Penthicus) oblongopunctatus
Phtora Beetle
Phtora apicilaevis
Pimelia Beetle
Pimelia (Pimelia) arabica
Potato Aphid
Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Prochroma Beetle
Prochroma (Oxypistoma) bucculenta
Proscheimus Beetle
Proscheimus arabicus
Rack Beetle
Tentyrina palmeri ssp. thomasi
Red Flour Beetle
Tribolium castaneum
Scentless Plant Bug
Liorhyssus hyalinus
Sordidatus Bug
Nemausus sordidatus
Trachyderma Beetle
Trachyderma parvicollis
Zophosis Beetle
Zophosis (Septentriophosis) complanata
7-spot Ladybird
Coccinella (Coccinella) septempunctata
Black Percher
Diplacodes lefbvrei
Housefly
Musca domestica
Oriental Cockroach
Blatta Orientalis
The House Cricket
Acheta Domesticus
11-spot Ladybird
Coccinella (Spilota) undecimpunctata
Lesser Pumpkin Fly
Dacus (Didacus) ciliatus
Tiger Beetle
Myriochila (Myriochila) melancholica
American Cockroach
Periplaneta Americana
Beetle
Labarrus Lividus
Tiger Beetle
Megacephala (Grammognatha) euphratica
Weevils
Ammocleonus Aschabadensis
Clouded Yellow
Colias croceus
Dragonfly
Orthetrum Sabina
Tiger Beetle
Calomera aulica
Convolvulus Hawk-moth
Agrius convolvuli
Cylindric Grasshopper
Tropidopola Cylindrica
German Cockroach
Blattella Germanica
Sardous Beetle
Cheirodes (Cheirodes) sardous
Patruele Beetle
Gonocephalum (Gonocephalum) patruele
Giant African Mantis
Sphodromantis viridis
Scarab Beetle
Autoserica insanabilis
Brevicollis Beetle
Cheirodes (Pseudanemia) brevicollis
Scarites
Scarites (Parallelomorphus) terricola ssp. Aethiopicus
Buettikeri Beetle
Oxycara (Oxycara) buettikeri
Long-horn Palm-borer
Iranobrium davatchii
Sitona Weevil
Sitona (Sitona) ocellatus
Blue Pansy
Junonia [= Precis] orithya
Old World Hybosorus Scarab
Hybosorus illigeri
Long-horn Date-palm Stem-borer
Jebusaea hammerschmidti
Punctulatus beetle
Opatroides punctulatus
Red Date-palm Weevil
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Darkling Beetle
Apentanodes arabicus
Erodius beetle
Erodius (Eodirosis) sauditus
Green Lacewing
Chrysopela CF. Carnea
Fasciata Grasshopper
Morphacris fasciata
Akis beetle
Akis spinosa
Adesmia beetle
Adesmia (Osteralis) khaliensis
Puissanti Grasshopper
Aiolopus puissanti
Adesmia Beetle
Adesmia (Macradesmia) cancellata
Dung Beetle
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) bannuensis
Falsocatomulus Beetle
Falsocatomulus euphraticus
Asperulus Beetle
Cheirodes (Histiaea) asperulus
Scarab Beetle
Pentodon algerinum ssp. dispar
Rhinoceros Beetle
Oryctes (Rykanoryctes) agamemnon ssp. arabicus
White-lined Sphinx
Hyles lineata
Click Beetle
Lacon modestus
Pea Blue or Long-tailed Blue
Lampides boeticus
Setulosum Beetle
Gonocephalum (Gonocephalum) setulosum
Snout Beetle
Lixus pulverulentus
Pygmea Beetle
Hyperops (Belutschistanops) pygmea ssp. arabica
Red-legged Ham Beetle
Necrobia rufipes
Eucymatodera Beetle
Eucymatodera senegalensis
Groundnut Seed Beetle
Caryedon serratus
Seed Beetle
Algarobius prosopis
Puncticollis Beetle
Mesostena (Mesostena) puncticollis
Thistle Mantis
Blepharopsis mendica
Domino Beetle
Anthia duodecimguttata
Jewel Beetle
Julodis euphratica
The Vagrant Emperor
Hemianax ephippiger
Caterpillar Hunter
Poecilus (Ancholeus) wollastoni
Gryllus campestris
Gryllotalba gryllotalba
Pioneer White or Brown-veined White
Anaphaeis aurota
Cetorus Beetle
Centorus (Centorus) csikii ssp. bagdadensis
Longheaded Flour Beetle
Latheticus oryzae
Prolixum Beetle
Gonocephalum (Gonocephalum) prolixum
Plain Tiger
Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus
Caterpillar Hunter
Campalita olivieri
Swallowtail Butterfly
Papilio demoleus
Date-palm Stalk Borer
Oryctes (Rykanoryctes) elegans
Death’s-head Hawk-moth
Acherontia atropos
Myrmeleon
Myrmeleon hyalinus
Field Cricket
Gryllus bimaculatus
Longipes Grasshopper
Acrotylus longipes
Lesser Mealworm
Alphitobius diaperinus
Sugarcane Looper
Mocis frugalis
Clitobius Beetle
Clitobius (Clitobius) oblongiusculus
Spotted Bollworm
Earias vittella
Imatismus Beetle
Imatismus arabicus
Prolixa Beetle
Phaleria (Epiphaleria) prolixa
Mundus Grasshopper
Stenohippus mundus
Pseudoseriscius Beetle
Pseudoseriscius griseovestis
Insubricus Grasshopper
Acrotylus insubricus
Vicinus beetle
Opatroides vicinus
Darkling Beetle
Blaps kollarii
Aphidophagous Ladybird
Scymnus (Scymnus) nubilus
Painted Lady
Vanessa [=Cynthia] cardui
Consobrinum Beetle
Gonocephalum (Gonocephalum) consobrinum
Marginata beetle
Microdera (Tentyrodera) marginata ssp. deserticola
Dilamus Beetle
Dilamus (Dilamus) arabicus
Eggplant Fruit and Shoot Borer
Leucinodes orboralis
Mantis
Eremiaphila sp.
Besnardi Beetle
Gonocephalum (Gonocephalum) besnardi
‘Parkinsonia
Parkinsonia aculeata
Aelijaan
Taverniera spartea
Alaqool
Alhagi maurorum
Antbush
Senna occidentalis
Arab Bean
Vaccaria hispanica
Arta
Calligonum comosum
Athl
Tamarix aucheriana
Bard Vitch
Vicia monantha
Barley
Hordeum vulgare
Barseem
Hymenocarpos circinnatus
Barwaq
Asphodelus tenuifolius
Beet
Beta vulgaris
Bermuda Buttercup
Oxalis pes-caprae
Bermuda Grass
Cynodon dactylon
Bird Tongue
Parietaria alsinifolia
Birdwood Grass
Cenchrus setigerus
Bladderdock
Rumex vesicarius
Blue Flower
Stachytarphaeta angustifolia
Blue-stem Grass
Hyparrhenia hirta
Bristle Grass
Pennisetum divisum
Brome grass
Bromus madritensis
Brown Lily
Dipcadi erythraeum
Buck’s-horn Plantain
Plantago coronopus
Burning Nettle
Urtica urens
Castor-oil Plant
Ricinus communis
Casuarina
Casuarina equisetifolia
Cat’s-eye
Anagallis arvensis
Cheat grass
Bromus scoparius
Chickweed, Algazaz Grass
Stellaria media
Christ’s Thorn
Ziziphus spina-christi
Corn Cleavers
Galium tricornutum
Cottina, Cotton
Bassia eriophora
Crab Grass
Digitaria sanguinalis
Creeping Sorrel
Oxalis corniculata
Curved Hard-grass
Parapholis incurva
Dahah
Lasiurus scindicus
Dahmah
Monsonia nivea
Dahseer
Taverniera aegyptiaca
Daqeeqa, Umm threib
Spergularia diandra
Date Palm
Phoenix dactylifera
Degayga
Mollugo cerviana
Desert Figwort
Scrophularia deserti
Desert Thorn
Lycium shawii
Devil’s Coach Whip
Stachytarphaeta angustifolia
Dhuraymah
Fagonia bruguieri
Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill
Geranium molle
Egyptian Fenugreek
Trigonella glabra
Fasah, gat
Medicago sativa
Fern-leaf Peony
Fagonia tenuifolia
Fig
Ficus carica
Finger Grass
Chloris barbata
Fountain Grass
Pennisetum setaceum
Foxtail Grass
Cenchrus ciliaris
Frogfruit
Phyla nodiflora
Garat, Garad, sanat
Acacia nilotica
Gebira, Haitham
Bassia muricata
Gharaz
Chrysopogon plumulosus
Ghardab
Polygonum argyrocoleum
Giant Reed
Arundo donax
Glandular Speedwell
Veronica cymbalaria
Habyan
Seetzenia lanata
Hadal
Plicosepalus acaciae
Hairy Nightshade
Solanum villosum
Hajeen
Centropodia forsskaolii
Halaq
Astragalus annularis
Halook
Orobanchaceae
Halta
Chrysopogon gryllus
Hama
Cullen plicatum
Hamd alarnab, Shayran
Anabasis setifera
Hameira
Indigofera intricata
Hamrah
Ochthochloa compressa
Handakoq Abiad
Melilotus albus
Handakoq Asfar
Melilotus indicus
Harm
Tetraena qatarensis
Hawrbeith
Lotus glinoides
Helul
Senna alexandrina
Henna
Lawsonia inermis
Hopbush
Dodonaea viscosa
Horbith
Lotononis platycarpa
Hureim
Tetraena simplex
Ikrish
Aeluropus lagopoides
Incense Grass
Cymbopogon commutatus
Indian Grass
Dichanthium annulatum
Indigofera
Indigofera oblongifolia
Ja’ad
Teucrium polium
Ja’ja’an
Abutilon fruticosum
Jrnah
Monsonia heliotropioides
Jumby Bean
Scorpiurus muricatus
Kebaisha
Erodium glaucophyllum
Kenar
Ziziphus nummularia
Khaisa, Samgaht ALRih
Chenopodium murale
Khanasir al ’aroos
Astragalus sieberi
Khatma
Althaea ludwigii
Khawatim al bar
Astragalus corrugatus
Khillah
Rumex dentatus
Khubeizah
Malva nicaeensis
Khuneeq
Cocculus pendulus
Lazzaq
Forsskaolea tenacissima
Least Mallow
Malva parviflora
Lebena Arabia
Euphorbia arabica
Lebena
Euphorbia granulata
Lesser Chickweed
Stellaria pallida
Love-grass
Eragrostis barrelieri
Lowaq
Abutilon pannosum
Memphis Grass
Cutandia memphitica
Millet Rice
Echinochloa colona
Moleih
Frankenia pulverulenta
Mouse Barley
Hordeum murinum
Mouse Barley
Hordeum murinum
Mulakhiyah al bar
Corchorus depressus
Mulakhiyah
Corchorus olitorius
Nafal Abo Hassak
Medicago laciniata
Nafal Bari, Halba Bariah
Trigonella anguina
Nafal
Trigonella anguina
Najm
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Needlegrass
Aristida mutabilis
Oat Brome
Bromus danthoniae
Pouteria
Rhynchosia minima
Prickly Dock
Emex spinosa
Purple False Brome
Brachypodium distachyum
Purslane
Portulaca oleracea
Qadha
Haloxylon persicum
Qileiqlan, hdot ALHosan
Hippocrepis multisiliquosa
Qileiqlan
Hippocrepis unisiliquosa
Qurdi
Ochradenus baccatus
Rablat al mistah
Plantago amplexicaulis
Rabl
Plantago psyllium
Rakhami
Astragalus tribuloides
Rak
Salvadora persica
Rasha
Juncus rigidus
Ra’al
Salvia aegyptiaca
Reseda
Oligomeris linifolia
Reversed Trefoil
Trifolium resupinatum
Rigid Flax
Linum strictum
Rye grass
Lolium rigidum
Saadan
Neurada procumbens
Sacred Datura
Datura innoxia
Safsaf
Aristida adscensionis
Salam
Acacia ehrenbergiana
Samgaht Al Rih
Chenopodium album
Sand Spurry
Spergularia bocconei
Sandmat
Chamaesyce serpens
Sa’ed
Cyperus laevigatus
Senna
Senna italica
Sesban
Sesbania sesban
Shabraq
Ononis reclinata
Shabraq
Ononis sicula
Shawlah
Reseda arabica
Shershir
Tribulus arabicus
Shka’e
Fagonia ovalifolia
Shufan barri
Avena sterilis
Shwaikah
Fagonia indica
Sidr
Ziziphus mauritiana
Silver Nightshade
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Sinan at-tais
Haplophyllum tuberculatum
Sineim
Chloris virgata
Soft Love-grass
Eragrostis pilosa
Sorrel
Rumex cyprius
Sourgrass
Oxalis debilis
Sprangletops
Leptochloa fusca
Star Fenugreek
Trigonella stellata
Stink-grass
Eragrostis cilianensis
Stone-breaker, Arq AL-Nada
Phyllanthus niruri
Tanoom
Chrozophora tinctoria
Tanoom
Chrozophora oblongifolia
Tarfah
Tamarix aphylla
Thamam
Panicum turgidum
Torba
Silene conica
Torba
Silene villosa
Umm al qurain; Umm Ghorien
Hippocrepis areolata
Weasel’s Snout
Misopates orontium
Wedaina
Cistanche tubulosa
Whitehead
Enicostema verticillatum
Wild Jute
Corchorus trilocularis
Winter Cherry
Physalis angulata
Wiregrass
Aristida abnormis
Woolly Love-grass
Eragrostis ciliaris
Woolly-winged Milkwort
Polygala erioptera
Bishop’s Weed
Ammi majus
Cut-leaved Crane’s-bill
Erodium laciniatum
Daqeeqa (1)
Polycarpon tetraphyllum
Dwarf Chicory
Cichorium pumilum
Eyelash Plant, Njiaa
Blepharis ciliaris
Hamool
Cuscuta chinensis
Huweimdha
Andrachne telephioides
Khatme, Rohama
Convolvulus cephalopodus
Mesquite, Ghwoef.
Prosopis juliflora
Nance
Erucaria crassifolia
Rimth
Haloxylon salicornicum
Rootha, Hamd
Salsola villosa
Samr
Acacia tortilis
Shnan
Seidlitzia rosmarinus
Sweet Pea
Lathyrus inconspicuus
Cat’s-tail
Typha domingensis
Cleome noeana
Cleome noeana
Ghaf
Prosopis cineraria
Hamool, Arook
Cuscuta pedicellata
Rims
Anchusa hispida
Slender buffel Grass
Cenchrus pennisetiformis
Wild Mustard
Sinapis arvensis
Gazelle’s Horn
Lotus halophilus
Hamool
Cuscuta pentagona
Mureer
Reichardia tingitana
Nusi
Stipagrostis obtusa
Raraa ayoub
Pulicaria sicula
Safra
Launaea mucronata
Spiny Cocklebur
Xanthium spinosum
Hawa
Launaea capitata
Mountain Tea
Pulicaria undulata
Prickly Golden Fleece
Urospermum picroides
Tall Bushman Grass
Stipagrostis ciliata
Jersey Cudweed
Laphangium luteoalbum
Spear Grass
Stipa capensis
Zafira
Tripleurospermum auriculatum
Drop-seed Grass
Sporobolus spicatus
Goat’s Beard
Koelpinia linearis
Nafayj
Pulicaria gnaphalodes
Hasaj
Ifloga spicata
Marsh Fleabane
Pluchea dioscoridis
Wild Lettuce
Sonchus oleraceus
Yellow water Crown-grass
Paspalidium desertorum
Camel’s Eye
Gymnarrhena micrantha
Common Sow Thistle
Sonchus
Hawdhan
Picris aspleniodes
Siler Roots
Sphenopus divaricatus
Crown Daisy
Glebionis coronaria
Prickly Sow Thistle
Sonchus
Slender Sow Thistle
Sonchus tenerrimus
Sudan Grass
Sorghum x drummondii
Zmiem al bar
Pentanema divaricatum
Groundsel
Senecio vulgaris
Jahwayan
Pallenis hierichuntica
Johnson Grass
Sorghum halepense
Arfaj
Rhanterium epapposum
Green Bristle-grass
Setaria viridis
Quteyna
Filago desertorum
Turnip
Brassica rapa
Wild Chamomile
Matricaria chamomilla
Arabian Primrose
Arnebia decumbens
Fleabane Daisy
Erigeron bonariensis
Golden Chamomile
Matricaria aurea
Rough Bristle-grass
Setaria verticillata
Arabian Primrose
Arnebia hispidissima
Huwa ghanam
Launaea nudicaulis
Mediterranean Grass
Schismus barbatus
Arabian Schismus
Schismus arabicus
Rahaba
Heliotropium zeylanicum
Ramram
Heliotropium ramosissimum
Cleome barbaran
Cleome brachycarpa
Rocket
Eruca vesicaria
Tiny Bristle Grass
Rostraria pumila
Um Roos
Schimpera arabica
Cleome Clover
Cleome amblyocarpa
Rabbit-foot Grass
Polypogon monspeliensis
Sleisla
Eremobium aegyptiacum
Annual Meadow Grass
Poa annua
Radish
Raphanus sativus
Shafallah
Capparis spinosa
Ward’s Weed
Carrichtera annua
Evening Stock
Matthiola longipetala
Reed
Phragmites australis
Shaja
Zilla spinosa
Shiltam
Brassica tournefortii
Garden Cress
Lepidium sativum
Indian Hedge Mustard
Sisymbrium orientale
Sha’ir al-far
Phalaris paradoxa
London Rocket
Sisymbrium irio
Small Canary Grass
Phalaris minor
Swine Cress
Lepidium didymum
Virgin’s Hand
Anastatica hierochuntica
Halm, Ghabshah
Moltkiopsis ciliata
Monksefa
Eclipta prostrata
Murrar
Centaurea sinaica
Qartam barie
Carthamnus eriocephalus
Hanwa
Calendula tripterocarpa
Hanwa
Calendula arvensis
Lomi albar, Shwik
Atractylis carduus
Shih
Artemisia inculta
Selih
Erucaria hispanica
Rashad bari
Lepidium aucheri
Harass
Sclerocephalus arabicus
Daqeeqa
Polycarpaea spicata
Kameela
Polycarpaea repens
Rijel Alhamam
Paronychia arabica
Ghebayra, Eysh shawlah
Herniaria hirsuta
Ghebayra,Umm wajaa alkabid
Herniaria hemistemon
Alqa
Dipterygium glaucum
Zaphra, Khaysa
Cleome noeana
ThuwaT, Samarra
Sisymbrium erysimoides
Grace
Aaronsohnia factorovskyi
Marak
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
Itr, Jarawa (Fruits)
Glossonema varians
Ghasool, Hor
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum
Samah, Ghasool
Mesembryanthemum cryptanthum
Jafnah
Aizoon hispanicum
Hadaq, Jafnah
Aizoon canariense
Shrubby Horsetail, Alanda
Ephedra foliata
Adder’s-tongue Fern
Ophioglossum polyphyllum
Torba
Zaleya pentandra
Tuwaim, Tarf
Aerva javanica
Orf Aldeek
Amaranthus graecizans
Doflaa
Nerium oleander
Gomilla
Torilis nodosa
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare
Dbbek
Bupleurum semicompositum
Dill
Anethum graveolens
Orf Aldeek
Amaranthus viridis
Orf Aldeek
Amaranthus hybridus
Asher, Ashaar
Calotropis procera
Torba
Silene arabica
Halablob
Mercurialis annua
Melbow, Rohima
Convolvulus pilosellifolius
Aoliq, Madada
Convolvulus glomeratus
Aoliq
Convolvulus arvensis
Clustered Yellowtops
Flaveria trinervia
conocarpus
Conocarpus lancifolius
Raqrouq
Helianthemum kahiricum
Damran
Traganum nudatum
Handal
Citrullus colocynthis
Hadak
Cucumis prophetarum
Halab
Euphorbia retusa
Lebena,Frabion
Euphorbia peplus
Lebena
Euphorbia dracunculoides
Arabian Horned Viper
Cerastes gasperettii
Arabian Sand Gecko
Stenodactylus arabicus
Arabian Toad-head Agama
Phrynocephalus arabicus
Arnold’s Fringe-Toed Lizard
Acanthodactylus opheodurus
Baluch Rock Gecko
Bunopus tuberculatus
Blandford’s Semaphore Gecko
Pristurus rupestris
Blanford’s Short-Nosed Desert Lizard
Mesalina brevirostris
Clifford’s Diadem Snake
Spalerosophis diadema cliffordi
Desert Black Snake
Walterinnesia aegyptia
Desert Monitor
Varanus griseus
Eastern Skink
Scincus mitranus
Flowerpot Snake
Rhamphotyphlops braminus
Golden Grass Mabuya
Trachylepis septemtaeniata
Gulf Sand Gecko
Pseudoceramodactylus khobarensis
Hadramaut Sand Lizard
Mesalina adramitana
Heyden’s Gecko
Hemidactylus robustus
Hooded Malpolon (False Cobra)
Malpolon moilensis
Middle Eastern Sand Gecko
Stenodactylus doriae
Persian Leaf-Toed Gecko
Hemidactylus persicus
Rough-Tailed Gecko
Cyrtopodion scabrum
Schmidt’s Fringe-Toed Lizard
Acanthodactylus schmidti
Slevin´s Sand Gecko
Stenodactylus slevini
Spiny-Tailed Agama
Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis
Zarundnyi´s Worm Lizard
Diplometopon zarudnyi
Yellow-Spotted Agama
Trapelus flavimaculatus
Yellow-Bellied House Gecko
Hemidactylus flaviviridis
Hardwicke’s Rat Snake
Coluber ventromaculatus
Afro-Asian Sand Snake
Psammophis schokari schokari
Arabian Sand Boa
Eryx jayakari
Crowned Dwarf Snake
Eirenis coronella coronella
Crowned Leaf-nosed Snake
Lytorhynchus diadema
Sindh Saw-Scaled Viper
Echis carinatus sochureki
